Charter Schools Essay - 880 Words

due to the structure or learning environment of the charter schools. These statistics do not support the claim made by supporters of charter schools because the students are two completely different types of students. For a statistical analysis like the one done by the FLDOE to demonstrate that charter schools improve the test scores, the data must be taken with exactly similar subsets of students, in order to use these statistics as evidence that charter schools are improving education. This is not the case. Parents who send their children to charter schools generally do so with the intention of providing their children with a better education; this is not always the case for students in district schools. I know this from personal†¦show more content†¦Reuter’s did a special report on Charter schools in 2013 regarding how charter schools are able to be selective of their students. The article notes several things that charter school applications typically request. It included family interviews, assessment exams, and academic prerequisites. With all this information, charter schools screen the applications and selectively choose students to have a stronger student population. Some o f the information requested is also illegal, sometimes requesting student Social Security numbers and birth certificates. (Simon, Reuters.com) At my charter school, my parents were forced to do 30 hours of volunteer work for the school or pay $300 dollars, in order to keep their child’s seat at the charter school. Such requirements can keep students from low income families from keeping their seats at a school, because those parents are typically too busy to be that involved. The Reuters report also states that these requirements prevent students from low-income backgrounds from keeping their seats at charter schools.(Simon) This is just the tip of the iceberg in terms of how corrupt charter schools can become. In Miami, Balere Language Academy was shut down. CBS 4, a local news station reported that the school raised a lot of eyebrows whenShow MoreRelatedCharter Schools Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesCharter Schools: The Future of Education? For decades the American education system provided parents with three choices: public, homeschool or private school. If they chose public then their child(ren) would be assigned to a school past on where they lived. However , â€Å"in the early 1990s a handful of states created independent public charter schools, providing opportunities for teachers and others to develop innovative schooling options â€Å" (Palmer, Louann 2007). Not only did the creation ofRead MoreEssay on Charter Schools987 Words   |  4 Pagesdebate on school reform in the United States. The charter school model was an idea for educational reconstruction. These charter schools insured the continuing improvement of schooling (Budde, 1989). In 1991, Minnesota was the first state to pass legislation to create a charter school. In 1992, Minnesota opened the doors of the first charter school in the United States (â€Å"Resources,† 2012). Since then, Charter schools have gained wide spread acceptance across the United States. Charter schools are independentRead MoreCharter School Analysis Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesSince the first charter school opened in Minnesota in 1992 (Minnesota Dept. of Education Website), America has seen charter schools move from a fringe educational alternative to an accepted and useful tool in public education. It is clear that charter schools are continuing to grow in popularity and student population, even with conflicting evidence about their effectiveness. This review will evaluate the necessity for strong educational leadership, a clear educational charter with a defined visionRead MoreEssay about Charter Schools1318 Words   |  6 PagesCharter schools are an alternative to public schools. Whether this alternative is a better solution to the public schools is the argument. Public schools can be just as creative as charter schools. Public schools are funded by our tax dollars, which ultimately the United States Government decides where those funds go. Education sho uld be the last thing to be cut in the budget, but unfortunately, we the people do not have a choice other than the public offices whom we hope will do what they have saidRead MoreDevelopment in Charter Schools Essay1883 Words   |  8 Pagestook hold when the American Federation of Teachers adopted the idea and set up the first â€Å"Charter Schools† in Minnesota in 1991. These were the first of many charter schools in the Unites States. (NEA - Charter Schools.) The dilemma that many people face is determining how charter schools are different from traditional public schools and if the academic success rates at these schools are higher than public schools. Studies done by both independent and governmental groups have concluded with varying resultsRead MoreCharter Schools vs. Public Schools Essay1341 Words   |  6 PagesCharter Schools vs. Public Schools Are charter schools the right choice to the educational needs of our children? Charter schools are tuition free public schools created and operated by parents, organizations, and community groups to fill student’s educational needs. Charter schools consider educating their students as the priority, and identify how children’s learning needs are different from each other, so they came up with different ways on educating their students such as learning in small groupsRead More Traditional Schools versus Charter Schools Essay2100 Words   |  9 Pagesknown as traditional public schools and nontraditional schools. Nontraditional schools provide students with different learning environments compared to traditional schools and some specific examples of these schools are magnet schools, charter schools, and virtual schools (Newberry). All of these schools are relatively new and have controversial views across the country. A charter school is a public elementary or secondary school that is independent from the local school district and is able to operateRead MoreEssay on America’s Children Deserve Charter Schools1544 Words   |  7 Pagesall this, and that is charter schools. Charter schools impact education by having passionate teachers who truly care for their students’ well-being, use up-to-date school methodology, are able to function with less bureaucracy, and have accountability that results in less corruption, and increased cost efficiency. Watching the documentary called Waiting for Superman has been an eye opener. It showed everything that is wrong in America’s education system. In Roosevelt High School located in Boyle HeightsRead MoreAn Inside Look at Charter Schools Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesCharter Schools Charter schools have recently become a topic of debate among educators. Charter schools are schools working in the public sector of education while also being privately owned. Charter schools are privately run, but receive public funding. There has been much debate since the sprouting of Charter schools about the demographics being represented and underrepresented. While there is evidence to support both sides of this argument, it should be clear to anyone after doing the researchRead MorePublic vs. Charter Schools Essay2477 Words   |  10 PagesPublic Schools vs. Charter Schools The first day of school is a rite of passage for most children. The step from home or day care to school is huge: they are a big kid now. However, sometimes the local Public School, especially in rural or economically challenged areas, can be an uncertain, questionable and scary place, and yet parents are expected to entrust them with their five or six year old child. Some years ago, when my daughter was ready to enter school, she and I had just such an experience

Othello, By William Shakespeare - 1141 Words

Tragedies often deal us a bad hand, in the sense that all ends on a foul note. However, in Shakespeare’s tragic play, Othello, Othello ends his life on an unforeseen ‘positive’ note, with an understanding of his flaws, and a realization that Desdemona and himself were both upstanding individuals. His egocentric personality remains consistent, yet this self-dominant personality slides away ever so slightly to show his feelings for her and regret. This claim of Othello’s ‘positive’ yet tragic understanding of his own self is seen throughout the play, specifically in Act 5, in which a change in character surfaces after Desdemona was killed. It is important to see that Othello struggled with his trust and demeanor towards Desdemona but in his†¦show more content†¦Othello is blinded by his ego throughout most all the play, and that blindness is ultimately made shadier by Iago and Roderigo’s shady plan to end the marriage. Iago begins his manipulation of Othello by fictitiously exposing that Cassio and Desdemona are having an inappropriate relationship. Iago gives us many different motives throughout the novel of why he wants to bring Othello down, including in which he exclaims, â€Å"I have told / thee often, and I retell thee again and again, I hate the / Moor. My cause is hearted; thine hath no less reason.† (1.3 362-364) and when he states I hate the Moor, / and it is thought abroad that ‘twixt my sheets.’ (1.3 378-379). Iago is simply jealous that Cassio was promoted and now is citing that Othello is now ‘twixting’ his sheets, or cheating with Emilia, Iago’s wife, which ultimately proves to be slightly hypocritical. Othello cannot have a cheating wife, as it would taint his high and mighty image as a general in the army and a well-respected leader. Ultimately, this leads to Othello believing he only has one way to rectify this situation, and that is to kill Desdem ona. Othello commits the horrific act of killing his wife to protect his ego and social status but soon after begins to realize the mistake he made, with specific reflection to the killing of his wife First, however, Othello discusses his plans out loud to kill. â€Å"It isShow MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare957 Words   |  4 Pagesinnocent person kills himself while not knowing the truth. The best example of that would be the play Othello by the great William Shakespeare. As little as a handkerchief could make a difference if it is a symbol for something. In the play Othello by Shakespeare, handkerchief is first introduced by Othello to his beautiful mistress, Desdemona, as a sign of their love. At the end of the play what gets Othello to take extreme measures by the location of the handkerchief. As the symbol of the handkerchiefRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1599 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare’s 16th century play Othello is a duplicitous and fraudulent tale set alternatingly between Venice in act 1, and the island of Cyprus thereafter. The play follows the scandalous marriage between protagonist Othello, a Christian moore and the general of the army of Venice, and Desdemona, a respected and intelligent woman who also happens to be the daughter of the Venetian Senator Brabantio. Shakespeare undoubtedly positions the marriage to be viewed as heroic and noble, despiteRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1218 Words   |  5 PagesIn a historical time period where emphasis was shifting from religion to race and ethnicity, key indicators of differences that perpetuated into racial prejudice and racial ideologies are evident in Othello by William Shakespeare. Although racism was not fully formed at this moment in history, Othello can be interpreted as a representation and an exploration of this shift in ideology. In the past, before this change to ward racial differences, religion was the major segretory factor in signifyingRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare894 Words   |  4 Pagesthose that which occurred in Othello written by William Shakespeare. Throughout the play Othello, we see the struggles of a marriage that is not accepted by their society. Othello is a extremely cherished black general living in a primarily white community. The play begins with Othello secretly becoming married to a white woman named Desdemona. This reasons others who are white to become angry and excuse to dislike this black man further more than they already do. Othello is a downward spiral from loveRead MoreOthello by William Shakespeare790 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout Othello by William Shakespeare, Othello makes numerous poor decisions due to his jealousy. Hitting Desdemona, trusting Iago, and killing Desdemona are among a few of the poor decisions that he makes. The word jealous can be defined as feeling or showing suspicion of som eones unfaithfulness in a relationship. Othello feels suspicious of Desdemona’s and Cassio’s relationship because of the lies that Iago tells him. Many people try to tell Othello the truth but he only believes the wordsRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1923 Words   |  8 Pagesdissatisfaction or complication is shown. Firstly in Othello love is presented as ephemeral and transient while atonement love is presented as unrequited and finally in cat on a hot tin roof love is presented as painful and troublesome due to unreciprocated feelings. The tragic plot of Othello hinges on the potential of the villain, Iago, to deceive other characters, above all Roderigo and Othello, through encouraging them to misinterpret what they see. Othello is prone to Iago s ploys seeing that he himselfRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare941 Words   |  4 Pageswas Williams Shakespeare’s play Othello which depicts the tragedy of Othello, a Morris Captain. What is different about Shakespeare play is that the tragic hero is the black Othello and the villain a white Iago. Therefore, Shakespeare depiction of Othello as a tragic character and Iago as a villain, challenges Elizabethan’s stereotypes regarding individuals of African descent. Shakespeare challenges the stereotypical â€Å"type –casting of the black man† in Elizabethan society by depicting Othello asRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1152 Words   |  5 Pages‘Othello’ was a tragedy of incomprehension at the deepest level of human dealings as no one in the play came to an understanding of himself or any of the surrounding characters. The play ‘Othello’ by William Shakespeare focused on tragedy through the anguish of the main character ‘Othello’ which lead to the suffering and death of numerous characters including himself. Appearance Vs. Reality challenged human dealings within the play ‘Othello’ as no-one came to see anyone’s true self and no-one seesRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pagesprofitable in condition of good and immorality. Othello is presented as good and Iago as evil, but Iago and Othello’s relationship also shares a distrust of their wives. The overall logical argument is based on love, jealousy and betrayal between two lovers that ultimately leads to their separation because of Iago’s evil plan. I am using this article to agree with Berry s view on how Iago separates two lovers just so he can take retaliation on Othello by manipulating everyone to unmasking their trueRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1140 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Othello† is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1603. In this play, Shakespeare features three major characters: Othello, Iago, and Desdemona. Othello, a black man, and Desdemona, a white venetian secretly eloped in the play. Iago shows racism and prejudice towards their relationship because of their skin colors. In the play, Iago says: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, or else the devil will make a

Auto Finance Company (AFC) Definition and Meaning Free Solution

Question: An Auto Finance Company (AFC) is doing business since last 20 years and deals in various financial products including finance lease, hire purchase and operating lease. AFC takes postdated cheques from customers in advance and deposits with banks on due dates. AFC enters the realization date of cheques in system on daily basis. Average numbers of daily deposited cheques are 700. Around 10% of deposited cheques gets returned unpaid. The unpaid cheques are deposited next day into bank. The AFC is following IFRS for accounting but its holding company follows US GAAPs for accounting. The company is required to do accounting under both IFRS and US GAAPs for reporting purposes. The company follows the policy to round rental amount to zero decimal places. The rentals are amortized using annuity method. The company books income on daily basis. The AFC has extended a lease facility to a Ltd company, the extracts of which are as under: Asset cost = 100,000 Contract terms = 48 months Annual interest rate = 12% Re-payment frequency = Quarterly in Arrear RV = 10,000 Down payment = 8,000 Security deposit = 50,000 Start day of the contract = 15th February, 2013 Asset useful life = 60 months You are required to: 1. Determine the lease type according to IFRS definitions 2. Calculate periodic lease rentals when lease rental for 10th and 11th quarter is zero 3. Prepare amortization schedules for AFC 4. Work out per day income for the first three months 5. Calculate AFCs monthly income for March 2013 6. Calculate the AFCs achieved rate of return from the contract 7. Prepare accounting entries for AFC at the time of lease contract signing under IRFS 8. Prepare accounting entries at the time of receipt of first rental 9. The AFC customer has defaulted after paying 2nd rental and now 5th rental is due, customer has requested and AFC agreed to restructure the lease facility to by increasing interest rate 1 % p.a. and recovering the interest overdue and penalty amount. The company charges 20% p.a. penalty for overdue on actual days basis. Please workout the restructured rental amount and the accounting treatment at Restructuring this contract. Answers: 1. Lease type as per IFRS Lease is a contract which explains an agreement between two or more persons that creates enforceable rights and obligations for right to use an asset for the fixed period of time in exchange for the interest. There are mainly 2 types of lease as per the IFRS norms such as operating lease and finance lease (Brigham and Houston, 2009). An operating lease is particularly attractive to those companies that consistently replace its machinery and need to use the equipment without buying the full amount. It is less costly and helpful for the company for the long term benefits without investing bulk of money (Harrison, 2008). Finance lease is full payouts; it is non cancellable agreements in which the lessee is responsible for the maintenance, taxes and insurance (Cadle and Paul, 2010). Financial lease is very much attracting those lenders who are looking for the tax benefits. For capital lease amortization is must be applied to pay both interest and principal (Berry, 2009). There are some other types of lease such as capital lease, direct financing lease, first amendment lease full payout lease and net lease (Chandra, 2009). 2. Calculate the periodic lease Rentals for 10th and 11th quarter Quarter Payment Principal Paid Interest Paid Remaining Balance 1 $7,341.06 $4,581.06 $2,760.00 $87,418.94 2 $7,341.06 $4,718.49 $2,622.57 $82,700.45 3 $7,341.06 $4,860.05 $2,481.01 $77,840.40 4 $7,341.06 $5,005.85 $2,335.21 $72,834.55 5 $7,341.06 $5,156.02 $2,185.04 $67,678.53 6 $7,341.06 $5,310.70 $2,030.36 $62,367.83 7 $7,341.06 $5,470.03 $1,871.03 $56,897.80 8 $7,341.06 $5,634.13 $1,706.93 $51,263.67 9 $7,341.06 $5,803.15 $1,537.91 $45,460.52 10 $7,341.06 $5,977.24 $1,363.82 $39,483.28 11 $7,341.06 $6,156.56 $1,184.50 $33,326.72 12 $14682.12 $6,341.26 $999.80 $26,985.46 13 $14682.12 $6,531.50 $809.56 $20,453.96 14 $7,341.06 $6,727.44 $613.62 $13,726.52 15 $7,341.06 $6,929.26 $411.80 $6,797.26 16 $7,001.18 $6,797.26 $203.92 $0 Totals $117,117.08 $92,000.00 $25,117.08 Table 1 : periodic lease Rentals for 10th and 11th quarter (Source: Campbell and Shiller, 2008, pp-174) From the above, it has been found that, AFC has not been able to receive the 10th quarter and the 11th quarter money which has been adjusted in the 12 and 13th quarter by the lessee (Elmaleh, 2009). The total amount paid during the 12 and 13 the shows the double amount b paid by the company for managing the their fixed payment details (Gowthorpe, 2007). 3. Prepare Amortizations schedules for AFC DATE PAYMENT PRINCIPAL INTEREST TOTAL INTEREST BALANCE Mar. 2013 $2,633.38 $1,633.38 $1,000.00 $1,000.00 $98,366.62 Apr-13 $2,633.38 $1,649.72 $983.67 $1,983.67 $96,716.90 May-13 $2,633.38 $1,666.21 $967.17 $2,950.84 $95,050.68 Jun-13 $2,633.38 $1,682.88 $950.51 $3,901.34 $93,367.81 Jul-13 $2,633.38 $1,699.71 $933.68 $4,835.02 $91,668.10 Aug. 2013 $2,633.38 $1,716.70 $916.68 $5,751.70 $89,951.40 Sept. 2013 $2,633.38 $1,733.87 $899.51 $6,651.22 $88,217.53 Oct. 2013 $2,633.38 $1,751.21 $882.18 $7,533.39 $86,466.32 Nov. 2013 $2,633.38 $1,768.72 $864.66 $8,398.05 $84,697.60 Dec. 2013 $2,633.38 $1,786.41 $846.98 $9,245.03 $82,911.19 Jan. 2014 $2,633.38 $1,804.27 $829.11 $10,074.14 $81,106.92 Feb. 2014 $2,633.38 $1,822.31 $811.07 $10,885.21 $79,284.61 Mar. 2014 $2,633.38 $1,840.54 $792.85 $11,678.06 $77,444.07 Apr-14 $2,633.38 $1,858.94 $774.44 $12,452.50 $75,585.13 May-14 $2,633.38 $1,877.53 $755.85 $13,208.35 $73,707.60 Jun-14 $2,633.38 $1,896.31 $737.08 $13,945.42 $71,811.29 Jul-14 $2,633.38 $1,915.27 $718.11 $14,663.54 $69,896.02 Aug. 2014 $2,633.38 $1,934.42 $698.96 $15,362.50 $67,961.59 Sept. 2014 $2,633.38 $1,953.77 $679.62 $16,042.11 $66,007.83 Oct. 2014 $2,633.38 $1,973.31 $660.08 $16,702.19 $64,034.52 Nov. 2014 $2,633.38 $1,993.04 $640.35 $17,342.54 $62,041.48 Dec. 2014 $2,633.38 $2,012.97 $620.41 $17,962.95 $60,028.51 Jan. 2015 $2,633.38 $2,033.10 $600.29 $18,563.24 $57,995.42 Feb. 2015 $2,633.38 $2,053.43 $579.95 $19,143.19 $55,941.99 Mar. 2015 $2,633.38 $2,073.96 $559.42 $19,702.61 $53,868.02 Apr-15 $2,633.38 $2,094.70 $538.68 $20,241.29 $51,773.32 May-15 $2,633.38 $2,115.65 $517.73 $20,759.02 $49,657.67 Jun-15 $2,633.38 $2,136.81 $496.58 $21,255.60 $47,520.86 Jul-15 $2,633.38 $2,158.17 $475.21 $21,730.81 $45,362.69 Aug. 2015 $2,633.38 $2,179.76 $453.63 $22,184.44 $43,182.93 Sept. 2015 $2,633.38 $2,201.55 $431.83 $22,616.27 $40,981.38 Oct. 2015 $2,633.38 $2,223.57 $409.81 $23,026.08 $38,757.81 Nov. 2015 $2,633.38 $2,245.81 $387.58 $23,413.66 $36,512.00 Dec. 2015 $2,633.38 $2,268.26 $365.12 $23,778.78 $34,243.74 Jan. 2016 $2,633.38 $2,290.95 $342.44 $24,121.22 $31,952.79 Feb. 2016 $2,633.38 $2,313.86 $319.53 $24,440.74 $29,638.94 Mar. 2016 $2,633.38 $2,336.99 $296.39 $24,737.13 $27,301.94 Apr-16 $2,633.38 $2,360.36 $273.02 $25,010.15 $24,941.58 May-16 $2,633.38 $2,383.97 $249.42 $25,259.57 $22,557.61 Jun-16 $2,633.38 $2,407.81 $225.58 $25,485.14 $20,149.80 Jul-16 $2,633.38 $2,431.89 $201.50 $25,686.64 $17,717.92 Aug. 2016 $2,633.38 $2,456.20 $177.18 $25,863.82 $15,261.71 Sept. 2016 $2,633.38 $2,480.77 $152.62 $26,016.44 $12,780.95 Oct. 2016 $2,633.38 $2,505.57 $127.81 $26,144.25 $10,275.37 Nov. 2016 $2,633.38 $2,530.63 $102.75 $26,247.00 $7,744.74 Dec. 2016 $2,633.38 $2,555.94 $77.45 $26,324.45 $5,188.81 Jan. 2017 $2,633.38 $2,581.50 $51.89 $26,376.34 $2,607.31 Feb. 2017 $2,633.38 $2,607.31 $26.07 $26,402.41 $0.00 Table 2: Amortizations schedules for AFC (Source: Hashemi, 2008, pp-22) 4. Income for the three months Quarter Payment Principal Paid Interest Paid Remaining Balance 1 $7,341.06 $4,581.06 $2,760.00 $87,418.94 2 $7,341.06 $4,718.49 $2,622.57 $82,700.45 3 $7,341.06 $4,860.05 $2,481.01 $77,840.40 77840.40/90 days =864.89 From the above, it has been found that, quarterly income earned by the AFC is 864.89 per month for the 3 month. (Fleming and Vasigh, 2010). 5. Calculate the AFC monthly income for March 2013 15 February 15 march 2013 = 73416/2 =$36708 The income earned in March 15 2013 is 36708. 6. Rate of returns from the contract Price of car =1000,00 Residual income= 10,000 Lease term= 48 months Interest rate= 12% Equals = 12000 Money factors is =0.0029 Depreciations = net cap cost residual / term = 1000,00-10,000/48 =1875 Lease Options given by AFC Ltd Amount$ Asset Cost 100,000 residual value 10,000 total residual value 90,000 depreciation 48 Monthly Depreciation 1875 net capitalization cost 1000,00 Plus residual income 10,000 total residual value 110,000 time money factors 0.00125 equals money factors 137.5 monthly depreciation payment 1875 plus money factor 41 equals bottom line lease payments 1916 7. Accounting Entries for AFC lease constructing Particulars Debit Credit Fixed asset 100,000 Lease liability 92000 Cash 8000 8. Prepare accounting entries at the time of receipt of firsts rentals For AFC Particulars Debit Credit Lease liability $7,341.06 Interest $2,760.00 Cash 10101.06 9. AFC default in payments The AFC defaults 2nd defaults $7,341.06 $4,718.49 $2,622.57 $82,700.45 3rd defaults $7,341.06 $4,860.05 $2,481.01 $77,840.40 $82,700.450*17%=14059.07 $77,840.40*17%=13232.86 = 27291.93 Quarter Payment Principal Paid Interest Paid Remaining Balance Interest penalty 20% 1 $7,341.06 $4,581.06 $2,760.00 $87,418.94 2 $7,341.06 $4,718.49 $2,622.57 $82,700.45 3 $7,341.06 $4,860.05 $2,481.01 $77,840.40 4 $7,341.06 $5,005.85 $2,335.21 $72,834.55 14566.91 5 $7,341.06 $5,156.02 $2,185.04 $67,678.53 6 $7,341.06 $5,310.70 $2,030.36 $62,367.83 7 $7,341.06 $5,470.03 $1,871.03 $56,897.80 8 $7,341.06 $5,634.13 $1,706.93 $51,263.67 10252.73 9 $7,341.06 $5,803.15 $1,537.91 $45,460.52 10 $7,341.06 $5,977.24 $1,363.82 $39,483.28 11 $7,341.06 $6,156.56 $1,184.50 $33,326.72 12 $14682.12 $6,341.26 $999.80 $26,985.46 5397.092 13 $14682.12 $6,531.50 $809.56 $20,453.96 14 $7,341.06 $6,727.44 $613.62 $13,726.52 15 $7,341.06 $6,929.26 $411.80 $6,797.26 16 $7,001.18 $6,797.26 $203.92 $0 Total penalty paid 30216.732 Reference list Books Brigham, E., and Houston, J., (2009) Fundamentals of Financial Management. 5th ed. London: McGraw-Hill Cadle, J., and Paul, D., (2010). Business Analysis Techniques: 72 Essential Tools for Success. 4th ed. London: Kogan Page Limited Carlberg, C. (2011) Excel Sales Forecasting For Dummies, 4th ed. London: McGra-Hill Higher Education. Chandra, P., (2009). Financial Management. 4th ed. Boston: Unwin-Everyman. Elmaleh, M., (2009). Financial Accounting: A Mercifully Brief Introduction. 7th ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Fleming, K., and Vasigh, B., (2010). Foundations of Airline Finance: Methodology and Practice. 5th ed. USA: Douglas Brooks. Gowthorpe, C., (2007). Financial Accounting: for non specialists. 5th ed. London: Routledge. Harrison, W., (2008). Financial Accounting. 5th ed. Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag. Journals Berry, A., (2009). Financial Accounting: an introduction. 4th ed. California: Random House. Brigham, E., and Houston, J., (2009) Fundamentals of Financial Management. 5th ed. London: McGraw-Hill Campbell, J. and Shiller, R. (2008) The dividend-price ratio and expectations of future dividends and discount factors. Review of Financial Studies 1, 195228. Garcia-Teruel, P. J. and Martnez-Solono, P. (2009) Effects of Working Capital Management on SME Profitability, International Journal of Managerial Finance, 3(2), pp. 174-177 Gowthorpe, C., (2007). Financial Accounting: for non specialists. 5th ed. London: Routledge. Hashemi, S. A. (2008) Analyze the relationship between operating cash flows and accruals, operating cash flow forecasting model, according and Auditing Review, 38, 1-24.